Plant Productions

Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of promising sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) hybrids under infection with cyst nematode

Jamshid Soltani Idaliki; Hassan Hamidi; Mozhdeh Kakueinezhad; Masoud Ahmadi; javad rezai

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 319-334

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.42990.2081

Abstract

AbstractIntroductionCystic nematode is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and extent of this nematode in Iran and in order to prevent its damage, ... Read More AbstractIntroductionCystic nematode is one of the limiting factors of sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and extent of this nematode in Iran and in order to prevent its damage, it is recommended to use resistant cultivars. The prerequisite for the development of resistant cultivars is the presence of resistant genotypes. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative yield of new sugar beet hybrids and determining their agronomic value in the field with natural infection under sugar beet cyst nematode in Razavi Khorasan province. Materials and MethodsIn order to determine the agronomic value of advanced sugar beet hybrids, 15 new domestic hybrids along with two resistant (Aria) and sensitive (Sharif) control cultivars were evaluated during the years 2020 and 2021 in the field infected with cystic nematode in Torogh Agricultural Research Station (Mashhad) in the form of randomized complete block design with four repetitions. The investigation of resistance to sugar beet cyst nematode of 17 genotypes was also carried out under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Muller's method was used to evaluate cultivars under greenhouse conditions. After performing the homogeneity of variances test through Bartlett's test, composite analysis of two years' data was done. By using correlation coefficients between measured parameters, their relationships were compared to each other. In order to group the experimental materials, Ward's cluster analysis was used. LSD test was used at the probability level of five percent to compare the mean of the traits. Results and DiscussionThe combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the hybrids in terms of all traits. Mean comparison showed that hybrid SBSI 126 had the highest root yield (57.91 tonha-1). In addition, this hybrid had higher values of sugar content, sugar yield and white sugar yield than the resistant control cultivar (Aria) as well as the average of all genotypes. The SBSI 138 hybrid had the lowest values of root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield, sugar content and white sugar content, and it was the most sensitive genotype to cyst nematode among the genotypes after the sensitive control variety (Sharif). The results of cluster analysis in the field experiment showed that hybrids SBSI 126, SBSI 129 and SBSI 128 had high yield potential and were placed in one cluster.Correlation coefficients of studied traits showed that the highest positive and significant correlation (0.97) was found between root yield and sugar yield and the highest negative and significant correlation (-0.93) was also obtained between extraction coefficient of sugar and sugar beet molasses. There was a positive and significant correlation at the level of 1%between white sugar yield and root yield (0.85), sugar content (0.40), sugar yield (0.95), potassium (0.57), nitrogen (0.51) and molasses sugar percentage (0.25). While a negative and significant correlation was observed between white sugar yield and alkalinity coefficient (-0.52) at the level of 1%. In this research, there was a significant difference at the level of 1% between the evaluated genotypes in greenhouse conditions in terms of female index of the cyst nematode (FI). The results of cultivar grouping according to Schmidt and Shannon showed that the SBSI 126 genotype with the lowest index (11.66%) has the highest resistance among genotypes. ConclusionIn general, the results showed that the SBSI 126 hybrid can be recommended as a cyst nematode-resistant hybrid for growing in infected fields due to its resistance and high white sugar yield..

Research Paper - Plant Breeding

Identification of superior genotypes of barley for cultivation in the south regions of Fars province using MGIDI و FAI-BLUP indices

Hassan Zali; Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 335-351

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.45295.2134

Abstract

IntroductionBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been known as one of the most adapted cereal crops to various environmental conditions. In addition, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the ... Read More IntroductionBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been known as one of the most adapted cereal crops to various environmental conditions. In addition, this cereal crop ranks fourth in the world in terms of economic importance after wheat, rice, and corn. Identification of high-yielding genotypes with highly desirable growth traits is one of the most important goals in barley breeding programs. However, the present study aimed to select superior genotypes based on grain yield and some morpho-phenological traits using different selection models. Materials and methodsTo identify superior genotypes of barley for cultivation in the warm and dry conditions in the southern regions in the Fars province, 21 genotypes were investigated in a randomized complete block with three replications during the 2021-2023 cropping seasons. During the plant growth and development, several morpho-phenological traits were recorded. Agronomic traits measured were days to spike emergence (DHE), days to maturity (DMA), plant height (PLH), grain filling period (GFP), grain yield (GY), 1000-kernel weight (TKW), spike length (SL), spike density (SD), awn length (AL), spike weight (SPW), number of grains per spike (NGS), row type (RT) and number of spikes per m2 (NS). After collecting experimental data, statistical analyses were computed using SAS and R softwares Results and DiscussionResults of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there is a significant difference among the investigated genotypes in terms of all the measured traits (except for Awn length and spike length). Based on the multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI), genotypes G1 (Oxin), G7, G3, and G14 with the lowest values were identified as superior genotypes. Moreover, the ideotype design via the best linear unbiased prediction (FAI-BLUP) model identified genotypes G20, G8, G2 (Golchin) and G1 (Oxin) as the desirable genotypes compared with other genotypes. The Venn diagram revealed that genotypes G1 and G7 were selected using both selection indices, simultaneously. The MGIDI index showed a positive and significant correlation with DHE (0.58**), while it negatively and significantly correlated with GFP (-0.51*) and GY (-0.74 **). The FAI-BLUP index showed a significant positive relationship with SL (0.50 *) and SPW (0.45*), while it negatively and significantly correlated with DHE (-0.47 *). To better evaluate and group the investigated genotypes, principal components analysis (PCA) was used. Results of the PCA showed that the first and second principal components explained 30.5 and 20.6 percent, respectively. Moreover, the results of the PCA showed that the selected genotypes based on MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices are located in the 1st and 2nd regions of the PCA diagram. In total, the results showed that there is a relative compliance between the MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices with PCA. Additionlly, there was a high agreement between the MGIDI indices and the first principal component, and on the other hand, the second principal component showed a high agreement with the FAI-BLUP index. ConclusionIn conclusion, the genotype G7 with the highest grain performance and the relative superiority in terms of MGIDI and FAI-BLUP indices was identified as a superior genotype compared to all reference genotypes. Hence, this genotype can be recommended for further comprehensive evaluation before commercial release in the southern regions in Fars province.

Research Paper - Plant Biotechnology

Optimization of antibiotics during co-culture of Petunia hybrida leaf explants and Agrobacterium tumefaciens to increase gene transgenic efficiency

Azadeh Khadem; zahra sargazi moghaddam; Mahboobeh yazdi; Mahdiyeh Kharrazi; Ahmad Sharifi

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 353-366

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43645.2099

Abstract

IntroductionGene transfer by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the well-known methods for the production of the transgenic plants. The success rate of this method depends on the ... Read More IntroductionGene transfer by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens is one of the well-known methods for the production of the transgenic plants. The success rate of this method depends on the growth of the bacteria and the regeneration of the plant explants. Among these variables, the antibiotics functioning as bacterial growth regulators have mainly inhibitory effects on the plant growth. Therefore, the introduction of a successful gene transfer method which is mediated by Agrobacterium requires the identification of an antibiotic with an inhibitory effect on the growth of the bacteria and also has a minimal effect on the regeneration of the explants and the growth of the transgenic plants. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of optimizing the antibiotic used in co-culture in order to increase the transgenic yield of Petunia hybrida. For this purpose, a variety of antibiotics in different concentrations were tested.Materials and MethodsThe growth rate of A. tumefaciens in the different medium culture with two suitable pH for the bacterial growth (7) and plant growth (5.7) in the presence of 500 mg/L of the cefotaxime antibiotic as a common antibiotic for controlling bacterial growth was investigated. Sensitivity tests were run. The second experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of five different antibiotics in three concentration on the regeneration of the petunia leaf explants. Results and DiscussionThe results of the bacterial sensitivity test showed that the type and concentration of salt and the pH of the medium culture significantly affect the growth rate of the bacteria. So that the highest rate of bacterial growth was observed in LB and MH medium culture at pH=7, but on the contrary, no growth was observed in MS medium culture. In addition, two antibiotics of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone at 700 mg/L concentration had the highest inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth. The results of this experiment showed that different antibiotics have different effects on the regeneration of explants and the growth of the seedlings. According to the results, the highest volume of callus and also the highest percentage of regeneration were observed in the presence of ceftizoxime and coamoxiclav antibiotics in all three concentrations and cefepime at 300 mg/L. The highest number of the seedlings was also observed in the treatment of ceftizoxime at concentrations of 300 and 500 mg/L with an average of 7.70 seedlings. In relation to the seedling growth traits, the highest number and length of root per seedling were observed in ceftizoxime at 300 mg/l and cefotaxime at the same concentration, respectively. The highest dry weight belonged to the grown seedlings in the presence of co-amoxiclav antibiotic followed by the ceftizoxime (300 mg/L).Conclusion The overall results of these experiments show that the seedlings which are grown in the presence of ceftizoxime antibiotic had a good growth rate, while the use of this antibiotic was effective in inhibiting the growth of A. tumefaciens. Therefore, we recommend that the use of ceftizoxime antibiotic in the co-culture process will be effective in increasing the efficiency of the gene transfer. Further studies will solidify these results..

Research Paper - Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Reducing the physiological effects of heat stress at the end of the growing season by using boron in three varieties of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Seyyed Mohammad Mola; Mohammad Reza Moradi Telavat; Ali Moshattati; Ali Ghatei; Nafiseh Rangzan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 367-380

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43212.2091

Abstract

IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in ... Read More IntroductionAmong the most common problems and stress in the conditions of Khuzestan province, heat stress at the end of the season and the deficiency of nutrients, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, depending on their severity, causes physiological and metabolic disorders and ultimately reduces the yield of rapeseed plants with different intensity depending on the type of plant genotype, they affect Materials and MethodsWith the aim of evaluating the growth and yield response of rapeseed cultivars (Brassica napus) to boron element levels in late season heat stress conditions caused by late sowings dates, this study was carried out in a split-split plot arrangement in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The expeiment was carried out in the crop year of 2021-2022 in the research farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Sowings dates (November 21, December 11, and December 31) in the main plots, four levels of boron (zero, 4, 8, and 12 kg/ha) in the subplots and rapeseed cultivars (RGS, Zafar, and Saffar) in the sub-sub-plots were investigated. Results and DiscussionThe results of the research showed that sowing date and end of season heat stress in Khuzestan conditions had a significant effect on most of the studied physiological traits, seed yield and biological yield. In addition, the effect of boron on traits such as leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield and biological performance was significant. The triple interaction effect of planting date, boron and variety was also significant on traits such as relative moisture content of leaf water, leakage of electrolytes, grain yield, and biological performance. So that with the delay in planting and the consequent increase in temperature and heat stress at the end of the season in the period of growth of the rapeseed plant, it causes a decrease in traits such as leaf area index, relative moisture content of leaf water, leaf area ratio, leaf specific area, seed yield and biological yield. And conversely, due to the heat stress at the end of the season, the leakage of electrolytes and the canopy temperature increased significantly. In general, the highest seed yield was obtained in Safar variety on the sowing date of December 11 and the boron level was 4 kg/ha with an average of 4590 kg/ha. Also, the highest average leaf area index was observed on the first sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 5.43 and the lowest value was observed on the third sowing date and Safar variety with an average of 2.11. It was also observed that the application of boron caused a significant decrease in the leaf area index in all three studied cultivars. This issue can indicate the lower need of boron consumption of the studied cultivars in this experiment. ConclusionIn general, the heat stress at the end of the season, which occurs in different periods of rapeseed growth, especially the seed filling period, depending on its intensity, causes physiological disorders in the plant and finally affects the grain yield with different intensity and depending on the genotype of the plant. The analyzed rapeseed genotypes also showed tolerance to different levels of boron element in the heat stress conditions of the end of the season and showed different reactions with different amounts of boron consumption per hectare

Research Paper - Agronomy

Effect of iron oxide and iron chelate nanofertilizers and different sizes of micro-tubers on yield and yield components of potato (Solanum tubersum L.)

Mohsen Pourahmadi; reza zarghami; Marjan Dyanat; Ali Mohammadi torkashvand

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 381-395

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.44309.2112

Abstract

IntroductionIn terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered ... Read More IntroductionIn terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered as a source of vitamin C and minerals. Despite the fact that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, only a small amount of iron can be used by plants in well-ventilated soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is one of the factors limiting the growth and development of plants. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out in a factorial trial in the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in a greenhouse conditions of Agricultural Research Institute of Hamedan (Jorqan) during the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2029. The experimental factors include the weight levels of microtuber at three levels of 3-1, 3-5 and 5-10 grams and different iron fertilizers at seven levels, control, iron chelate in the form of soil consumption at the rate of 20 micromolar, nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption to The amount of 20 micromolar was 1 and 2% foliar spraying of iron chelate and 1 and 2% nano iron oxide foliar spraying. The internal temperature of the greenhouse was provided by adjusting the air conditioning system and central heating in the range of 18 to 20 °C at night and 26 to 28 degrees during the day. The humidity of the greenhouse was also 60-65%. At the end of the experiment, after processing the crop, the plants were harvested and the yield and yield components were determined. Leaf greenness index in this experiment using SPAD device (Minolta 502 model) using three fully developed terminal leaves from ten plants in the budding stage in the middle part of the leaf on one side of the main vein, at 9:30 to 10:00 in the morning. It was measured in order to minimize daily changes. To measure the percentage of dry matter, 200 grams of tubers were randomly selected from each treatment, then the tubers were chopped and placed in an oven at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, and after their weight was fixed, they were weighed again. Then, based on the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the tubers, the percentage of dry matter of the tubers was determined (Hagman and Martenssen, 2009). Results and DiscussionThe results showed that the height of the plant, the number of stems per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the weight of tubers, the weight of tubers per plant, the percentage of dry matter and the greenness index increased with the increase in the weight of microtubers, and the most improvement in the morphological and qualitative characteristics of potato in microtubers. 5-10 grams were observed. With the application of iron chelate and nano iron oxide fertilizers, potato yield and yield components increased. The maximum tuber weight in the plant was shown in the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide and 2% nano iron oxide. The highest tuber weight in the plant in the 1-3 gram microtuber is 405.23 grams related to the consumption of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, in the 3-5 gram microtuber is 444.61 grams related to the application of 2% iron chelate solution and in the microtuber 5-10 grams in the amount of 556.92, 544.52, 482.6 and 465.82 grams corresponding to the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and solution The application was 2% iron chelate ConclusionMicrotuber 5-10 grams was able to acquire the best size of microtuber due to having suitable nutrients and accelerating the greening of plants and increasing photosynthesis and providing nutrients. The application of nano iron oxide fertilizer was more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of potatoes compared to iron chelate..

Research Paper - Agronomy

Response of grain ‎yield, and grain Zn and P content of wheat to seed-priming with Zn under different P ‎fertilizer rate application

Elham Rahnavadi; Mohammad Javad Zarea; Alireza Toolabi

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 397-410

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43941.2105

Abstract

Introduction Priming seed with nutrients may improve crop growth and yield. Nutrient seed priming is an easy, efficient, potential technique adopted widely by farmers and researchers ... Read More Introduction Priming seed with nutrients may improve crop growth and yield. Nutrient seed priming is an easy, efficient, potential technique adopted widely by farmers and researchers to improve seedling growth, standing establishment and grain yield as well as quality of crop plants. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Zn-seed priming and P application on Zn and P content in ‎grains of a winter wheat under rain-fed condition.‎ Materials and MethodsThe present study consisted of two main treatments: seed priming (Hydro priming and seed priming with Zn) and P fertilizer level (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P ha-1). The experiment was a 2×4 factorial combination of priming and P fertilizer. Experiment carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Yield and yield components and nutrient (Zn and P) concentration in seeds were evaluated in response to Zn-priming and P fertilizer. Field experiment conducted under dryland farming during wheat growing season (2021-2022) in Ilam province. Seeds were primed with water (hydro-priming) or 0.3% (W/V) ‎ZnSO4.7H2O solution (Zn-seed priming) for 10 h. P fertilizer was applied to the soil before seed sowing. Control treatment received no P application. Results and DiscussionSeed priming with ZnSO4.7H2O solution for 10 hours resulted in a significant increase in total zinc content of primed seeds compared to non primed group. Priming seeds for 10 h significantly increased (16-fold) primed Zn content in seeds as compared to hydro-primed seeds. Seeds priming and P fertilizer had a significant effect on grain yield of the wheat cultivar (Rijaw) tested in the present study. The number of spike plant-1 was not significantly affected by Zn-priming treatment. Priming seeds with Zn significantly enhanced thousand-grain weight. Seed number per spike was also significantly affected by Zn priming treatment. Plant grown from Zn-primed seeds exhibited higher number of seed per spike. Harvest index was significantly affected by Zn priming. Zn-primed plants showed higher harvest index than control plants. Yield components were also affected by dose of P fertilizer application. Grain weights, seed number per spike and harvest index were increased due to applied P fertilizer. P application of 60 kg per ha was the best in terms of enhanced seed weight, seed number per spike and harvest index. However, spike number was not significantly affected by P application rate. Result of the present study showed a significant interaction between Z priming and P application for seed number per spike, grain yield as well as Zn and P content in seeds. Application of 60 kg P ha-1 resulted in increase in seed P content and grain yield. Application of P fertilizer, especially at the highest rate (60 kg ha-1), significantly reduced Zn concentration in grains. The maximum grain yield was achieved by application of 60 kg P ha-1 and Zn-seed priming. Plants grown from Zn-primed seeds had lower P content in grain. Results showed that applied Zn via seed priming increased Zn content in grain. ConclusionResults of the present study showed that the benefit effects of priming with Zn depend on the P application rate. P application at higher rate significantly reduced Zn content in grain and increase P concentration in seeds. Zn priming has a promoted effect on elevation Zn content in wheat cultivars. However, applied P, especially at the highest rate, decreased Zn concentration in seeds.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Comparison of the effect of different methods and levels of irrigation and fertilization on the yield and morphophysiological characteristics of fodder maize

Zhaleh Zarei; Hassan Heidari; Saeid Jalali Honarmand; Ali Bafkar

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 411-426

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44098.2109

Abstract

IntroductionImproper management of irrigation and fertilizing methods cause large amounts of chemical fertilizers to be removed from the reach of plants and enter water sources through ... Read More IntroductionImproper management of irrigation and fertilizing methods cause large amounts of chemical fertilizers to be removed from the reach of plants and enter water sources through leaching.Materials and MethodsThe research was conducted in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University. The experiment was carried out in two crop years (2020-2021) and factorial in the randomized complete block design with three replicates. Experimental treatments included four levels of irrigation (wick irrigation, furrow irrigation with 50, 70, and 100% of the plant's water requirement) and two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50 and 100% of the recommended fertilizer through urea). In the wick irrigation method, fertilizer was provided to the plant through tanks and in solution. While in the furrow irrigation method, fertilizer was used as topdressing. The amount of urea fertilizer required for each treatment was calculated based on the soil test. CROPWAT 8.0 program and Penman-Monteith method were used to calculate the volume of water consumption and potential evapotranspiration (ETo). The studied traits included number of nodes, internode length, number of yellow leaves, number of green leaves, total number of leaves, plant height, ear height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf area index, specific leaf weight, fresh fodder yield, dry fodder yield, water consumption, the relationship between water consumption and fresh fodder yield, and the relationship between water consumption and dry fodder yield. Data were compared using LSD test at the 5% probability level.Results and DiscussionThe results of variance analysis showed that the number of yellow leaves, ear height, leaf area index, leaf area, specific leaf weight, fresh forage yield, and dry forage yield were affected by year, fertilizer, and irrigation treatments. The interaction effect of fertilizer and irrigation on the total number of leaves, stem diameter, and plant height was significant. The mean comparison showed that wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer consumption had the highest stem diameter and plant height at the 5% probability level. In each year, there was a slight difference between the treatments in terms of ‎dry fodder yield. In the first year, wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had ‎higher dry fodder yield compared to furrow irrigation with 50% water ‎consumption and 50 or 100% fertilizer consumption and wick irrigation with 50% ‎fertilizer consumption. In the second year, wick irrigation with 100% ‎fertilizer consumption was superior to furrow irrigation with 70% water ‎consumption and 100% fertilizer consumption and furrow irrigation with 50% ‎water and 50% fertilizer consumption. In the first year, furrow irrigation with 100% water consumption and 100% fertilizer and wick irrigation with 100% fertilizer had more leaf area index than other treatments. The water consumption in the wick irrigation method was less than that of the furrow irrigation with 70% of the plant's water requirement. The reduction of water consumption in the wick method can be due to the reduction of the wet surface of the soil, which reduces evaporation, because this irrigation method spreads water on a limited surface.ConclusionIn total, wick irrigation with 50% fertilizer consumption was recommended as the best treatment due to the saving in water (58%) and fertilizer. Although wick irrigation has a higher cost than furrow irrigation, but due to the dry climate of Iran and the high value of water, this irrigation method is useful.

Research Paper - Agronomy

Response of camellia yield and yield components to planting date and distance in Mazandaran province

Faezeh Zaefarian; Hamidreza Ghorbani; Parastoo Majidian; Mohammad Kaveh

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 427-440

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.44449.2117

Abstract

IntroductionThe production of oilseeds plays a significant role in saving currency, accelerating the process of economic development, security and food independence of the country. ... Read More IntroductionThe production of oilseeds plays a significant role in saving currency, accelerating the process of economic development, security and food independence of the country. Camellia (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) from Brassicaceae family, is able to grow in different weather and soil conditions and requires less water, fertilizer and pesticides than other oilseeds. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of introducing this plant and evaluating its yield potential and cultivation compatibility in Mazandaran.Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design in four replications at Bayekola Agricultural Research Station (Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center). Six sowing dates (November 5, November 21, December 5, December 21, January 4 and January 19) and five planting distances (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 cm) were selected as the study factors.Results and DiscussionThe results of analysis of variance showed that the treatments of planting distance and planting date had a significant effect on different traits of camellia plant. Plant height, number of sub-branches and biological yield were influenced by the interaction effect of the studied factors. The highest plant height values were observed on the planting date of November 15 and at 20 and 30 cm intervals (125.5 and 124.75 cm, respectively). Also, the characteristics of seed yield, days to flowering, days to maturity, the number of seeds in a pod and 1000 grain weight were affected by sowing date factor, and the traits of days to flowering, days to maturity and 1000 grain weight were affected by planting distance factor.ConclusionIn the field of seed production and obtaining more seed yield, although the planting dates of November 5 to December 5 did not have significant differences with each other; but the planting date of November 21 is the best possible planting date due to the highest seed yield and the higher number of seeds in the pod. Also, the treatment combination of planting distance of 25 cm and planting date of December 5 with high biological yield can be a suitable treatment combination..

Research Paper - Tissue Culture

Production of triploid plants of Mooseer (Allium. hirtifolium) through endosperm culture

Amin Jahanian; Alireza Motallebi-Azar; Jaber Panahandeh; Mohammad reza Dadpour

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 441-454

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2023.43507.2096

Abstract

IntroductionThe endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, ... Read More IntroductionThe endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.Materials and methodsImmature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants. ResultsIn this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.ConclusionTraditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids anddiploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

Research Paper - Modeling

Investigating the rapeseed yield gap in Dehloran

Marzieh Absalan; Esfandiar Fateh; َAmir Aynehband; Abolfazl Derakhshan

Volume 46, Issue 3 , December 2023, Pages 455-472

https://doi.org/10.22055/ppd.2024.43006.2082

Abstract

IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, ... Read More IntroductionAs suitable agricultural land for increasing crop production is decreasing, while the expansion of agricultural land is associated with irreparable damage to the environmen, intensifying sustainability in existing agricultural land is the only way to increase production to meet the increasing demand for food resources. Therefore, investigating the biophysical limitations on yield and estimating yield gaps in the cultivated lands, as well as reducing this gap, is one of the ways to increase the yield per unit area. After soybean, rapeseed is the world's second produced oilseed. Ilam province is one of the most important oilseeds producer regions of the country, including rapeseed, and about 80% of the rapeseed crop of this province is produced in the border city of Dehloran, and this city is one of the pioneer cities and the main pole of rapeseed production in the province. Therefore, according to the importance of rapeseed in Deholran city, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the limiting factors of rapeseed production in Dehloran. Materials and MethodsIn the present study, all the management operations were performed from seedbed preparation to harvesting in 51 farms were recorded through field studies during the years 2021 to 2022. In this study, the yield gap was estimated by the method of yield comparison analysis and borderline analysis, and to determine the yield model, the relationship between quantitative and qualitative variables was measured and yield was evaluated by step-by-step regression method. Results and DiscussionDetermining the limiting factors on rapeseed production in the studied area showed that there was a gap between the actual yield of farmers and the yield predicted by the model of about 833.54 kgha-1, which was the contribution of the variables of potash fertilizer consumption, sulfur consumption, and the number of irrigations. The consumption of micronutrients from this yield interval was equal to 102.99, 118.56, 442.20 and 169.79 kgha-1, which is equivalent to 12.36, 14.22, 53.05 and 37, respectively. 20% of the total yield gap was observed. Gap analysis of rapeseed yield showed that the number of irrigations alone accounts for 53% of yield reduction compared to attainable yields.ConclusionAs, there is a need to irrigate the field in the very early planting date in October, it seems that with better management of rapeseed for this planting date in the region, the occurrence of drought stress can be reduced to the plant and to some extent fill the gap in the existing yield. In addition, 57% of the yield gaps in the region were related to the use of potash, sulfur and micronutrient fertilizers, which can be easily removed this limitations in the fields.

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Volume & Issue: Volume 46, Issue 3, December 2023, Pages 319-472

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